John Locke – Philosophy

â€Å"The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings capable of law, where there is no law, there is no freedom† – John Locke. What I feel that John Locke is attempting to express in his quote is that society believes that by having laws in place the government is taking away from the freedom they long to endure. However, by having laws in place it actually helps to enforce their rights to freedom. I chose John Locke as my topic for my final paper because I have taken an interest in the life he led, his inspirations and his role in politics. Read Essay In Westminster Abbey Analysis John Locke was the first of the classical British empiricists. Empiricists believed that all knowledge derives from experience. He became highly influential to the political world, inspiring government representatives such as Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine and James Madison. Locke expressed the radical view that government is morally obliged to serve people by protecting life, liberty and property (n. a, n. d). He explained the principle of checks and balances in order to limit the power of government. He also favored representative government and rule of law. Locke insisted that when government violates individual rights, the people have a right to rebel. His views on individual rights, life, happiness and politics led Locke to become known as the 17th century English Philosopher of the enlightenment. John Locke was born August 29, 1632, in Somerset, England. He was the oldest son of Agnes Keene and John Locke. His father was a Puritan lawyer who served as a clerk for justices of the peace (n. a. , n. d). With the assistance of his father’s connections to the English government, Locke received an exceptional education. In 1647 he enrolled at Westminster School in London, where he earned his distinct honor of being named a King’s Scholar. This was a privilege that went to only select number of boys and set the path for Locke to attend Christ Church, Oxford in 1652 (n. a. , n. d). Christ Church is considered the most prestigious school in Oxford. During this educational time period, Locke engaged in logic and metaphysics. He graduated from Christ Church in 1656 and returned two years later to pursue a Masters of the Arts. This accomplishment soon led to Locke taking on tutorial work at the college. In 1668 Locke was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. The Royal Society is a fellowship of the world’s most eminent scientist and is the oldest scientific academy in continuous existence (n. a. ,n. d. ). Locke then went on to study philosophy and medicine at the University of Oxford and graduated in 1674 with a bachelor’s of medicine. Locke did not want to commit his life to a religious order and therefore turned down a permanent teaching position from Oxford. This opened the doors to an opportunity serving as a private physician and secretary to Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Earl of Shaftesbury (Kermerling, 2011). During the summer of 1666, Anthony Ashley Cooper visited Oxford where he met Locke who was at the time studying medicine. Cooper, who was suffering from a liver cyst which threatened to become swollen and infected, requested that Locke be his personal physician. Locke accepted and soon moved into a room at the Cooper’s Exeter House mansion in Westminster, London. Cooper’s condition worsened and Locke was in a position of opportunity to heal the Earl successfully. In 1668, Locke supervised a successfully surgery and save the life of Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Earl of Shaftesbury. This honorable act led Locke to become a valued partner of Shaftesbury. After Shaftesbury stature grew, so did Locke’s responsibilities. He assisted in the Earl’s business and political matters and after Shaftsbury was made chancellor, Locke became his secretary of presentations. Locke was involved in just about everything that Shaftsbury did. This included the formation of the Whig party. The Whig party was a political group which consisted of politicians from America, England and Scotland who opposed King Charles I of England. Locke maintained correspondence with the party to assist with influencing Parliamentary elections. Shaftsbury was imprisoned for a year and on his release he helped pass the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 which made it unlawful for government to detain a person without filing formal charges. The act also specified that an individual could not be put on trial for the same charge more than once (n. a. ,n. d). Shaftesbury was a strong influence to John Locke and helped pave his way for future success through experience – Empiricist. During the reign of King Charles II it was illegal to write, read or have books in one’s possession that pertained to any negative press against the government. Although it was risky, Locke continued his mission. He wrote about his experience with political actions. One treatise attached a claim that the Bible sanctioned tyrants and that parents had absolute authority over children. A second treatise presented an epic case for liberty and the right of people to rebel against tyrants. He pushed to a radical conclusion which attacked slavery and a defense of revolution (n. a. , n. d. ). Locke fled to Rotterdam on September 7, 1683 to avoid legal action (n. a. , n. d. ). The English government tried to have Locke extradited for trial and possible hanging. Lock fled to London and assumed the name â€Å"Dr. van der Linden. † He signed letters as â€Å"Lamy† or â€Å"Dr. Lynne† (n. a. ,n. d. ). Locke assumed that the government would intercept mail, so he protected friends by referring to them with numbers or false names. His excuse to friends for moving to Holland was that he enjoyed the local beer. In Holland, Locke began to work on his philosophical masterpiece, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding which urged people to base their convictions on observation and reason. His argument was that all ideas, simple or complex, are ultimately derived from experience. He challenged the traditional doctrine that learning consisted entirely of reading ancient texts and absorbing religious dogmas (n. . , n. d. ). He maintained that understanding that the world required observation. The essay was published in December 1689, and established Locke as England’s leading philosopher. In the essay, Locke states the nature of his proposed doctrine: â€Å"Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any i deas: – How comes it to be furnished? Whenced comes it by that vast store which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from experience. In that all our knowledge is founded. (Valasquez, 2011)† The book became one of the most widely reprinted and influential works on philosophy. It brought great fame for Locke. So much, that he spent the rest of his life responding to admirers and critics by making revisions in later editions of the book, including detailed accounts of human volition and moral freedom. Locke also published Two Treatise of Civil Government. These writings were published anonymously in order to avoid controversy. The First Treatise is a detailed rejection of the monarchist theories of Robert Filmer. Locke attacked Filmer’s claim that God sanctioned the absolute power of kings. During this time period, such an attack was risky since it could easily be prosecuted as an attack on the King Charles II. The Second Treatise of Government offers a systematic account of the foundations of political obligation. The views expressed within this treatise were so radical that he only released his name as publisher in his will. Locke’s writings did much to inspire the libertarian ideals of the American Revolution. This, in turn, set an example which inspired people throughout Europe, Latin America and Asia. Locke’s philosophy had a great effect on American’s as well. Thomas Jefferson ranked Locke as the most important thinkers on liberty. He also helped inspire Thomas Paine’s radical ideas about revolution. James Madison drew most of his fundamental principles of liberty and government from Locke’s writings. John Locke’s writings were also included in the self-education of Benjamin Franklin. John Adam’s believed that both girls and boys should learn about Locke. Locke’s influence even traveled to France where the French philosopher Voltaire called, â€Å"Locke the man of the greatest wisdom. What he has not seen clearly, I despair of ever seeing† (n. a. , n. d. ). Mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton cherished his company. Locke helped William Penn restore his good name when he was political fugitive, just as Penn had arranged a pardon for Locke when he had been a political fugitive. Locke was described by the famous English physician Dr. Thomas Sydenham as â€Å"a man whom, in the acuteness of his intellect, in the steadiness of his judgment, in the simplicity, that is, in the excellence of his manners, I confidently declare to have, amongst the men of our time, few equals and no superiors. n. a. , n. d. ). It is astonishing that Locke’s work has affected so many people around the world. He was an undistinguished Oxford scholar. He had a brief experience with a failed diplomatic mission. He was a physician who lacked traditional credentials and had only one patient. His first major work was not published until the age of 57. All of this and he is still one of the leading philosophers of all time. In 1691, John Locke is invited to spend his last years with friends Francis and Damaris Masham. Damaris is also a philosopher and is believed to have been romantically involved with Locke uring their study years at Oxford. When Locke left for Holland, Damaris was to visit; however it did not work out and she married Francis Masham (Uzgalis, 2012). During his stay with the Masham’s Locke tutored their son Francis, here he begins to work on his treaties Thoughts Concerning Education. Locke’s health gradually began to worsen. He lost most of his hearing and his legs began to swell. He could barely bring himself to rise from bed. Around 3:00 in the afternoon, Saturday, October 28, 1704 he passed away (n. a , n. d. ). He was sitting in his study with Lady Marsham. Suddenly, he brought his hands to his face, shut his eyes and died. He was 72 years old. Locke’s focus has primarily been based upon the ideas of freedom and equality as a whole. He believed that citizens should naturally possess the right to life, liberty and happiness, which is portrayed in the constitution of the United States. These undisputable rights or natural rights have derived from the law of nature. The law of nature is a state that relies purely on the law of God, which is also known as moral law. This law gave people the natural right to life, liberty, and happiness without question. In addition, Locke believed that people also possess the basic right of self-defense if under attack. However, Locke’s key aspect of his theories was the basic idea of equality. He said that nobody has the right to rule and that consent is critical because it’s based on the premises that all people are equal (Uzgalis, 2012). John Locke is still very much known as a political philosopher in today’s modern society. Because much of Locke’s philosophy centered on subjects such as natural rights and knowledge, he has in-turn shaped American politics in such a way that it has never been the same. Locke has challenged many theories that have to do with inalienable rights as a part of natural law; therefore he had much to do with the involvement in the evolution of the American Government. He taught that, men by nature possess certain rights. He had a tremendous influence on all future political thinking. A clear representation of his involvement is portrayed in the declaration of independence. John Locke was, and will always be remembered as a pioneer in modern thinking.

Food and Agricultue Essay

Provide at least two modern examples of how the United States has increased its food production. Genetically modifying foods is one way the United States has grown its food increase. The use of genetically engineered crops has grown rapidly in countries such as the United States, especially for soybeans, corn, and cotton where GM crops make up between 70 and 90 percent of total production (Turk, 2014). Ways the United States has increased food production farmers have utilized numerous process, some of which include irrigation and crop otation which can increase the long term sustainability and has been standard practice for many years. A step taken nearly 50 years ago to increase food production was the green revolution, which focused on â€Å"monocultures of single crops and required significant inputs of energy, water fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides† (Turk, Bensel, 2014). â€Å"Advocates say that they have increased agricultural production by more than US$98 billion and saved an estimated 473 million kilograms of pesticidesfrom being sprayed. † (Turk & Bensel, 2014, Ch. 3. 3). Tools such as herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides reduce crop losses both before and after harvest, and increase crop yields. A plentiful supply of fresh produce is vital for a healthy population. Numerous scientific studies demonstrate the health benefits of regularly eating a variety of fresh fruit and vegetables and consumers are increasingly aware of these benefits. Agricultural productivity is key to ensuring that this demand can be met at an affordable price; and crop protection products help increase productivity and usable crop yields (Turk, 2014). Discuss how these changes have affected the environment, and what impact they have on food safety? The use of genetically modified foods have be studied for years some improvements have been made. But the biggest issue is what has it done to the soil the water and the air let alone the food itself. Allergic reaction occur when the immune system interprets something as foreign, different and offensive and reacts accordingly. All GM foods, by definition have something foreign and different. And several studies show that they provoke reactions (The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 2011, 4, 3-11). Changes is agriculture have affected our environment with soil erosion, water pollution, air pollution, and habitat destruction (Turk, 2014). I believe that this will always be an issue and will continue to have pros and cons but with proper testing they can be better. http://www. academia. edu/542384/A_Review_on_Impacts_of_Genetically_Modified_Food_on_ Human_Health http://www. croplifeamerica. org/crop-protection/benefits/increase-food-production Turk, J. , & Bensel, T. (2014). Contemporary environmental issues (2nd ed. ). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Planning and Development - 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning and Development - 1 - Essay Example He aimed at limiting the number of people moving from rural or small towns to major cities, he lamented that such migrations led to overpopulation in major cities, which in turn compromised accommodation and other social amenities. He also proposed that each rural district was to have a single garden town managed by private corporations. This would enable the middle or low class individuals in industrial estates have better residential spaces rather than staying in a dormitory suburb that could barely accommodate 30,000 people. It is worth clarifying that Howard was not a designer, he only did drawings which were clearly labeled ‘diagram only’ to avoid confusions. He stated in his book that such drawings would only be called plans after the site is already selected. And the drawings portrayed his personal beliefs on how a good city should be developed, but he incorporated his engineering and architectural skills in his thoughts (Howard, 1898). He tried to convince commer cial developers that his idea was both economical and socially feasible. He later found Town and Country Planning Association that incorporated environmental conservation principles in construction designs and implementations. He combined efforts with Henry Harvey and co-partnership housing movement which attracted sufficient funding to start Letch worth Garden city in the northern part of London. Later Welwyn Garden city was started, immediately after World War II. His fame increased when he partnered with German architects to produce more human or social friendly designs in the residential construction sector. Germans also adopted the garden city plans and constructed one in Hellerau. Howards plans were used in several parts of developed nations. However, his idea was greatly opposed my some reporters due to some reasons. This work would discuss Times reporters objecting Howards planning ideas due to some reasons. Part 1: Limitations of Howard’s plans The times reporter tho ught Howard never included a population increase in his idea. Population rise is a common or natural phenomenon that should be incorporated into any project plan meant to serve human needs. The reported specifically argue that a single garden city can only handle about 32,000 people. This number is likely to be exceeded when more people migrate from rural to industrial estates in search of employment; furthermore, the industries are also likely to expand their operations to absorb more workers in both the companies and industrial estates. The reporter further argues the beauty of a residential estate is to accommodate all people in need and not the aesthetic beauty as taught by Howard. The reporter gives an example of Parkland and North Adelaide developments that were ruined by population overspill. From his drawings, Howard only focused on structures but nothing to do with the management both liquid and solid domestic wastes. In other words he only incorporated the engineering and architectural principles without considering the aspects of public health. The reporter laments that a normal human must produce some wastes that must be well managed for human health purposes. Howard plans need some amendments that would indicate the respective positions or locations of washroom facilities. The reporter who must consult some engineers, architectures and public health officers argue that it is recommended that a wash room should be placed some meters away from

Simple staining and Gram staining Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Simple staining and Gram staining - Lab Report Example Microbiology is a branch of biology which is considered vital in bringing a profound understanding of microorganisms and how they effect and react on other living organisms. Microbes are tiny organisms that can only be seen with an aid of a microscope. The tiny nature of microbes has revolutionized the use of stains to aid in having a vivid and transparent picture of microbes under microscope (Ryu 60). Because the bacterial cell is transparent, motile and difficult to see when using microscope, cells are stained to make them more visible. Staining tends to provide a reliable and clear means for observing bacteria’s morphology, relative size, and cellular arrangement. Gram staining and simple staining are the ultimate procedures that were used. 1. Place a loopful of culture into a test tube consisting of sterile distilled water so as to make a suspension of bacterial cells on the water. Place that bacterial suspension on a clear or clean slide. This will give room for the bacteria to air dry. 2. Heat fixing the bacteria cells by passing the slide quickly over the flame (Bunsen burner) three or four times, ensuring that the glass surface is exposed to the flame. Ensure that the slide is not so hot to be uncomfortable when touch. Simple stains allow us to distinguish the ultimate shape (morphology) of the mounted bacteria. Bacillus Subtillus and E. coli turned out to be rod-shaped. Many bacilli tend to occur singularly, but in some cases, chains are also observed. Bacilli are greatly in diameter and length. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are spherical (cocci). They may culminate singularly, in clusters such as Staphylococcus aureus or others in pairs such as Streptococcus pneumonia. R. rubrum was observed to be a curved bacterium (spirillum). It culminates singularly. The bacteria that stains blue is considered to be a Gram-positive while the bacteria that stains pink is considered to be Gram negative.

Organisational and Stakeholder Ethical Considerations Living under a Case Study

Organisational and Stakeholder Ethical Considerations Living under a Cloud - Case Study Example Ethical Organisational Culture Approach One of the approaches to analyse the case is through ethical organisation culture. Alvesson (2002, pp. 4) states that organisational culture refers to those shared rules that guide cognitive and behavioural aspects of membership to an organisation and the avenues through which they are developed and expressed hence a system of shared symbols and meanings. Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell (2010, pp. 17) state that the concept of ethical culture in an organisation means the values and norms that an organisation puts forward as appropriate conduct to guide its employees in decision making process in determining whether their response to ethical issues is right or wrong. In this approach, the formal and informal efforts developed by an organisation to guide its operations in respect to being ethical are analysed. The organisation under study here is Xstrata which we can establish that it has in the first place failed to tame its mining process emissi ons that have the potential of causing lead-poisoning to the surrounding community; â€Å"Homes, gardens and waterways have been contaminated, and a recent study found that more than one-tenth of young children have high levels of lead in their blood† (Marks 2009). ... Body, another resident, indicates that the firm has also failed to take responsibility of the poisoning claiming that the natural environment is the source. As Trevino and Nelson (2010, pp. 157) indicate it is the responsibility of the top management to guide organisations in the direction of ethical culture, something that is largely missing in Xstrata. Instead the management strives to shun ethics hence the rest of the firm follows suit (158). The leadership at Xstrata can be regarded as unethical since their cover-up actions and lack of responsibility indicate weakness in morality (161). This analysis indicates that the top management at Xstrata has failed to pursue ethical leadership; in one situation, an employee whose views on the source of lead pollution is contradictory to theirs, they let the interviewer know that the employee is presenting his personal views rather than what the firm stands for hence showing unethical leadership which is mutually exclusive with ethical orga nisational culture. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and stakeholder theories Approach Examining the CSR issues in Xstrata’s case is another way of analysing the case. Bueble (2009, pp. 5) is of the view that CSR refers to the strategy through which organisations achieve their commercial objectives in a manner that takes into consideration ethical values and respects individuals, communities and the environment. The stakeholder theory is a concept in CSR that maintains that organisations have responsibility and obligation towards constituent groups within the society (groups that may benefit or be harmed by organisational operations) other than

Simplify the answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Simplify the answer - Essay Example This additional expertise distinguishes auditors from accountants. GAAS are ten general guidelines that help auditors carry out their responsibilities. GAAS have: three general standards focusing on competence, independence, and due professional care; three on field work and four on reporting. GAAP on the other hand are specific rules for accounting for transactions in an enterprise. Examples of such include any of the opinions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board  (FASB). 4. The first standard of field work requires the performance of the audit by a person or persons having adequate technical training and proficiency as an auditor. Discuss three ways in which auditors can fulfill the requirements of the standard? Auditors can obtain technical training and proficiency through formal education by specializing in auditing and accounting, enough practical experience and continuing professional education. They can show proficiency by becoming CPA licensed, which demands that the Uniform CPA Examination of the U.S. or the equivalent must be completed. Independence of mind means the auditor maintains an unbiased attitude throughout the audit. Independence in appearance is based on others’ interpretation of the auditor’s independence of mind and hence their faith in him. Some of the activities that may only affect independence in mind are: These are appropriateness and sufficiency. Appropriateness is the relevance and reliability of evidence. Appropriateness relates to the audit procedures selected, and the timing of these procedures. Finally, sufficiency is the quantity of evidence and is related to sample size and items selected. Business failure refers to the risk that a business will finically fail and hence be unable to pay its financial obligations. Audit risk refers to the risk that the auditor will conclude that the financial statements are stated fairly and hence an unmodified opinion can be used when in reality they are

IB English A1 Higher Level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IB English A1 Higher Level - Essay Example The phrase appears in a speech from Creon, the King of the play and the man that wields the most power. He is attempting, by one means or another, to win over his son Haemon to his point of view regarding the burial of the corpse. Essentially, he also wishes him to accept a very straight-forward, but, as shall be seen, rather contradictory view of the nature of political authority. Creon states that â€Å"I must keep my kin in line, Otherwise folks outside the family will run wild.† Creon is the titular head of his family and so appeals to the fact that he must keep in his family in order for the city as a whole to follow suit. He then states that he will give â€Å"nothing but contempt† from someone who breaks the law and/or tells his masters what to do. But we soon he states an all-important â€Å"but†: Morality and virtue, the â€Å"right† and the â€Å"wrong† are less important to Creon than the absolute obedience to legitimate political authority. Indeed, political authority seems to trump any other concerns. He does not just state this opinion in isolation, he goes on to give an explanation for why this system is good not only for the ruler, but for the city as a whole: Creon’s rather tenuous theory of political authority argues that first, a ruler’s orders should be obeyed without question. Second, that if those orders are obeyed without question he will willingly give up power to another and then be â€Å"cheerfully ruled† and third that the whole city will essentially be one of order and discipline. Absolute rulers do not tend to give up authority without a fight or, in a hereditary type of system, before their deaths. The old adage that power corrupts and that absolute power corrupts absolutely seems to be conveniently avoided by Creon who, with his experience of power, and knowledge of his family history, should know better. Creon essentially sets up a Cartesian world in which a leader is either obeyed (leading to a perfect society) or

Consequences of deception in romantic relationships Dissertation

Consequences of deception in romantic relationships - Dissertation Example When deception is detected, negative emotional reactions result, particularly when the lies exposed are considered to be significant. In Cole’s (2001) study, 256 individuals (128 couples) were used as the research sample. They were asked to complete questionnaires pertaining to their partner’s and their own communication behavior. The aim was to determine the link between the extent of interpersonal communication and the practice of deception. Moreover, the study examined the roles played by causes for deception such as reciprocity, avoidance of punishment, or deceptive fulfilment of the lack of intimacy in their romantic relationship. The use of deception is more frequently found where relational characteristics are at lower levels. Thus, deception appears to be used as a method for coping with relational problems, and greater use of deception is considered to be â€Å"an indicator of overall relational distress† (Cole, 2001, p.125). Cole’s (2001) research study also obtained certain results related to the outcome of deception. Primarily, the best relational outcomes arise from couples avoiding deception while at the same time trusting each other’s fidelity. However, when it becomes known that deception is being practised by one of the partners, there are negative outcomes for everyone involved. When there is a little suspicion, the other partner may be tempted to engage in deception too, thus sending the relationship into a downward spiral. This results in increasing deception by both the individuals, greater suspicion between partners, and progressive deterioration of the romantic relationship. The above study could have been made more useful through a greater focus on the outcomes of deception among the couples where deception was found, thereby providing evidence based results. The research study would need to extend over a longer period of time, to determine how each couple who had experienced deception between them, fared with the passage of time. This is because some couples may reconcile, while others may break up the romantic relationship permanently. In romantic relationships, fidelity is a serious concern for both sexes. Deception by one of the partners can have devastating results on the relationship. When the infidelity comes to light, the betrayed partner’s feelings of being let down can give rise to â€Å"unpleasant emotions including depression, anger, self-reproach and jealousy† (Shackelford, Buss and Bennett, 2002, p.299). Infidelity remains as the most serious cause for the dissolution of a relationship leading to divorce, and breaking up of the relationship is resorted to as the most common solution. On the other hand, not all couples break up their relationship because of a partner’s infidelity. Some individuals try to find out all the details from their unfaithful partner to determine the nature and

Marketing of MonoSpace Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing of MonoSpace - Case Study Example Hatala is contemplating the following issues: Political: 90% of Kone's sales come from international markets. This makes it very vulnerable to political stability in its global markets for example Italy is one of the markets of Kone and elevator regulations are governed in Italy by parliament. Thus , to bring MonoSpace i.e. an elevator without a machine room in compliance with standards , it would require an act by the parliament. Economical: The performance of elevator industry is directly proportional to the performance of the construction industry. The construction industry has maximum potential in developing countries rather than the developed countries. The reason for this is that the developed countries have maximized their growth potential whereas the developing countries would require heavy spending on construction to build malls, offices and other infrastructure. Thus, the most economically feasible regions for Kone products would be the less developed Asian and Australian markets as compared to the developed European and EU markets. Social: It can be argued that the MonoSpace elevators are a hard sell since it requires a unanimous decision of people from different backgrounds for e.g. the owner might be affluent and influential wanting perfection in the looks and features of the elevator, the contractor would be worried about the cost benefit analysis and the property developer would be thinking about the cost saving versus the benefit of space saved. Technological: elevator market is a technologically driven market. However, technology that is being applied is at the back office rather than on the consumer side. The consumer is only impressed by the ride comfort and speed of the elevator. The customer i.e. the owner investor or the property developer, contractor etc would be interested in the performance (maintenance cost, Hazards involved), initial investment and the space that is being used by the elevator machine room. This space is rendered useless for the owner since the elevators are using it. The reason behind the margin erosion phenomena is that the features directly impacting the customer (the owner, contractor and property developer) are similar by all the various competitors and there is not much differentiation in the end product. Gearless Traction Gear traction Hydraulic 10% 30% 60% Commercial Buildings High rise Less than 6 floors Low rise Legislative: In France, Kone had received approval only for ten installations. It can be deduced from this that having a machine room less elevator is a benefit provided to the customers however, it has widespread concerns and ambiguities and customers as well as the various governments would like to test the new MonoSpace product first for reliability before letting it be installed all over their regions. Environmental: Unlike the hydraulic elevators, which use two hundred plus liters of oil,

Analyse the Pay Tv Market in Sa Using the Five Forces Framework Essay Example for Free

Analyse the Pay Tv Market in Sa Using the Five Forces Framework Essay The threat of new entrants in the South African Pay TV market is low for reasons discussed below: Capital Requirements: The case study clearly states that Top TV spent in the region of R1 billion to become operational which shows that the capital needed to do business in this industry is steep. The case also highlight other licensees such as WOWtv and Telkom Media (later sold to become Super 5 Media) struggling to launch and pay debts respectively. Further proving that the capital needed to operate in this environment is very huge requiring investors with a strong financial muscle. Product Differentiation: There is brand identification and loyalty to DStv for the simple reason that it has been the only player (monopoly) in this industry for more than 15 years and has built huge fences around it to couple brand loyalty by entering into long exclusive deals with some of the biggest channels and studios in the US. Cost Disadvantages: DStv has benefitted from the learning and experience curve and being that it has been the only player in the market for a long time it has exploited this by entering into long exclusive deals, putting proper technology infrastructure to avoid technical glitches that for instance Top TV experienced. These cost advantages positions DStv well ahead of new entrants or discourages new entrants. The threat of new entrants is also low because of the fighting muscle DStv has in fighting off new entrants as it demonstrated to Top TV, by coming up with a new range of packages that also targeted the lower LSM groups which Top TV had targeted. This repositioning of DStv had huge repel effects on Top TV to a point that Top TV is fighting to stay in business. Last but not least DStv has gained economies of scale in research, marketing and financing over the years they have been operating as a monopoly.

Research Methods Theories and Concepts

Research Methods Theories and Concepts Understanding of the research methodology 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents the reader clearly understanding of the research methodology and relevant research approaches determining the way through this research was conducted. In accordance with the main objective of research, Kothari (2005) states that research should help the reader to discover the truth that is hidden through the application of scientific procedures. Methodology produces the outcomes of any studies and it is important to choose appropriate way to conduct the research methods in effective way in order to meet researchers aims and objectives of the research. Research methodology followed in this dissertation presents topics on different forms of research which are used in order to find an appropriate approach and method in this study. The researcher outlined aims and objectives of thesis in Chapter 1 therefore the purpose of this chapter is to: introduce research philosophy in relation to adopted approach in this study discuss research strategy expounded in current study, including the research methodology conducted present the instruments of research method which were developed and utilized in the achievement of researcher goals explain why the specific methods were adopted and constrains in relation with data collection considering the limitation to the presented research Further, the chapter discusses the issues followed as: research philosophy, research approaches, research design, data collection method, data analysis, reliability and limitation of the research. 4.2 Research philosophy According to Proctor ( 2005 ) , the academic research should be developed in a philosophical way. Differently speaking, the research should be followed with method of study elaborated to better explain and facilitate the analysis of subject. Looking at this context, the philosophical approach gives framework of the research according to its configuration, necessary evidence, gathering the data and the way of its interpretation to provide the right answers to the research questions. The research starts with its first step which is definition of the philosophical method of research that ought to be examine. There are several different approaches of research philosophy, such as the positivism, phenomenology and realism. ( Saunders et. al., 2003 ). Each approach sets hypothesis and various methodological implication according with its position and the brief description of the characteristics of each research philosophy will be interpreted below. Positivism According to Currie ( 2003), the positivist approach means development of general rules and principles using the different systematic techniques of scientific method. The positivist approach begins with dilemma, idea or observation as it is the first step associated with this philosophy. Following this way of approach, the researcher analyzes the fact and objectives of the study in order to create the logic way of thinking to explain subject of the study. In the view of Newman (2005 ) this approach is based on quantitative investigation. Prediction of prospective behavior is used in the positivist approach by generating general laws from the standpoint of objective truth.( Fisher, 2004). Based on researchers belief on accurate and value free data , this approach determines human beings and their action to be studied as objectively as the part of natural world. Phenomenology Phenomenology is also called non-positivist , intrepretivist , naturalistic approach. The followers of this approach contend the observation of phenomenon should be key of obtaining the comprehensive explanation and description of the problem. Through the subjective interpretation reality can be fully analyzed .Approach present that the objective truth is less important because the reality is socially created, hence it holds subjective truth. The key element of the non positivist philosophy is the study of the natural environment followed with affects on those phenomena. Scientists believe the reality is relative part to various variable such as situation, time , location, culture, value of society, etc. Thus researchers of this approach go further to realize how things occur in reality and how people react on its occurrence rather than to generalize things based on standards laws. ( Fisher, 2004) Realism Realism research philosophy lies on philosophical views of positivism and it is based on the statement that the objective reality exists and it is independent part of human beings beliefs and behavior. Realism also states that humans are not considered as objects in the studies of natural science, but social influence is taken into account. Further, realism gives mains importance to those social influences in order to better understand the way of peoples behavior and thinking and their awareness of these social forces. ( Saundres et al., 2003 ) Based on the three different type of research philosophies, this research followed phenomenology approach with the objectives of research project . Developed on this approach, researcher was able to define the nature of the problem being investigated and to get the better understanding of the environment within the problem occurred. Usage of phenomenology approach provided a comprehensive description of the main aim of the research referring to the importance of risk management in todays business world. 4.3 Research Approach According to Saunders et al. there are two main research approach conducted by business research known as deductive and inductive scientific methods of reasoning. The deductive approach means testing theories on effective way where researcher is able to develop a theory or hypothesis creating strategy for testing the theory. In the view of Saunders (2005) it is appropriate scientific research method for the organization so called top down method. There are three steps when conducting research based on deductive forms of reasoning: Firstly, researcher states the hypothesis examined with theory or research literature. Secondly, collecting data in order to researcher test the hypothesis. The final step leads to building the right decision when researcher is accepting or rejecting the hypothesis based on conclusion. In contrast, the inductive method , well known as bottom up scientific method suitable when researchers aim is to generate theories and hypothesis in order to understand why something happens in reality. Inductive approach of reasoning is usually basic way for building the theories, when researcher by collecting data scientific way to develop theory as a result of data analysis. The inductive method involves three steps in its process referring to researchers ability to observe the environment , find a pattern for observed element and provide generalization about final result of analysis. In reality the two approaches are not mutually exposed, but have joint participation in business studies (Seddighi, 2000 ). Nevertheless, the important fact about those two scientific methods lies on statement that its presence in research depends on research question and research objectives. The inductive and deductive methods are demonstrated in figure below : Therefore, the deductive approach was adopted to create a path for this particular research. This method of research was used to test theory based on hypothesis moving from specific to general. Usage of this approach enabled researcher to contribute to the successful achievement of the objectives of this project. Implementing this method researcher was able to understand the company and its risk management techniques in the specific environment related to the topic and evaluate the strategies used by the Societe Generale Bank to maintain the same. 4.4 Research Design The research design is used to address the research questions which were taken into consideration in this study. The research design appears from questions directly determining the main objectives being examined in this thesis. These questions are results from the gaps between theory based on literature review presented in Chapter 2 and analyzing and findings of primary data based in the following Chapter 5. Yin (2003) states that research design is dependent element for research project helping the researcher to decide what questions to study, which information are relevant to the current case study, how to collect data and to do analysis of presented findings. In the view of Saunders et al. ( 2003 ), there are three various types of research design followed as : (1) Exploratory, (2) Descriptive and (3) Explanatory. The description of each will be summarized below. Exploratory Exploratory research is constructed to answer what questions, according to Yin (2003), and in many cases includes new studies which can be result of the appearance of new phenomena or insufficient knowledge on the subject of any study. This approach is also recommended to approve researchers objectives by gaining new insights about specific issue which fit well and present a good match to this research. Saunders et. al (2003) states usage of this approach especially for understanding the problem expressing the main steps to conduct an exploratory research : searching and studying the literature and talking to experts in the subject through interviews. This concept is characterized as flexible and adaptable to daily changes as result of new information upcoming or new hypothesis appearing. Descriptive Concept of this research implies design addressed to reveal validate profile of persons, events or situations. Descriptive concept tends to answer on questions such as who, where , how many; how much. However, what question can be included in situation if the research wants to have u clue about the details of some specific topic or issue. Descriptive research is also well known as archival research because of the use of arcival records. ( Yin, 2003 ). The concept is useful and crucial when the researcher achievement focuses on details and descriptrion of ohenomena or when it should show prediction about specific findings. Unlike exploratory approach which is based on qualitative research, descriptive concept implies qualitative way of analysis using archival records, questionnaire, secondary data, etc.(Saunders et. al., 2003 ). Explanatory Explanatory research is known as casual research and is conducted for answering the how and why questions. A casual study is focused on finding casual relationships between variables. This concept of approach use qualitative way of research such as case studies, histories, experiments aiming to describe relationships expressing the cause and effect of particular incident. Explanatory research design allows using qualitative approach to answer on question how and why depends on sources of relationship between cause and effect. In that way, operational links required implication of secondary data, statistics. ( Yin, 2003; Saunders et. al. 2003). According to Saunders et. al. (2003), exploratory research design is the most suitable and useful for new studies giving the significant contribution for understanding of the findings of the main subject. Therefore , this research is of an exploratory nature and the exploratory research was developed in order to define the nature of risk management and explain and clarify the understanding of usage and effectiveness of risk management in Societe Generale Bank. The researcher of the presented issue wanted to compare and contrast the findings with the theory expressed in literature review and was able to give the suggestion and recommendation to the company or other companies in the same work filed and future prospective through exploratory research design which is briefly presented in Chapter 6. 4.5 Data collection Method One of the most important element in research project is data collection method. This method means good preparation and organization of collecting data in order to researcher not have a problem to face too much information collected, which can become a major obstacle rather than help in the project researched. Very often, there is much information available that can be a barrier to sort and evaluate real and important information and to assess their usefulness It is necessary to understand different approaches and methods for collecting data and that have great importance in preparing research and organizing data collection in a systematic way. ( Lancaster, 2005 ) According to Saunders et. al. ( 2003 ), there are various forms of information which can be distinguished in two main group as secondary data and primary data. Secondary data Lancaster states (2005) that the secondary data are second hand data which already are presented and collected by other researchers for the purpose of previous researches and giving hypothesis on other issues. It summarized raw data and published data including internal records and external records within the organization. Those secondary data can provide wide range of sales and marketing data, production data, financial data, personnel, transcripts of speeches, administrative and public record data followed by external record such as newspapers articles, journals, internet, official statistics, etc. Secondary data have qualitative and quantitative nature and its utilization is visible in both descriptive and explanatory research. According to Saunders et. al. ( 2003 ), the advantages of secondary data leads to saving both money and time, having fewer resource requirements for specific issue, creating easier way for longitudinal studies, providing comparative and contextual data and may result in unforeseen discoveries of particular subject. On the other hand , disadvantages can be expressed through some of negative aspects of its collection. Sometimes its purpose does not match the goal of researcher and its access may be costly for commercial reasons. Thus, those data can lead to unsuitable definition for the required subject affecting the quality of data presented. Primary data Primary data refers to collection of data by researchers using the various methods and techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, observations, experiments in order to gather the most valuable data necessary for researchers project . The process of collecting primary data requires more time, effort and resources comparing with secondary data providing more relevant answers on the research questions. Looking at collecting data on primary way , there is distinguish between forms of data collected which can be categorized in two main groups: quantitative and qualitative data. (Saunders et. al. 2003) Quantitative data refers to number -organized data and can be expressed numerically giving the framework with numerical value. This approach is recommended during latter phases of research projects. Approach deals with questions such as how many, how large, what rate something. Using quantitative data tends to be more efficient, to test hypotheses, but may result in fewer contextual detail about particular topic. Quantitative process of collecting data is more objective and scientific process than qualitative process. (Lancaster, 2005) In contrast, the aim of qualitative data is to provide a complete, detailed description and this process is recommended during earlier phases of research work. Qualitative approach is more subjective and gathered information can not be numerically analyzed. Therefore, those data has usage and utilization in investigation about peoples opinion, attitude, fears and hopes which can not be part of quantitative analysis. Qualitative data results in more rich relevance in term of time consuming, and less probability to be generalized. In this project, data were collecting based on qualitative interviews with the managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia , because the researcher wanted to deeply explore the effectiveness of risk management in banking sector and its implementation in todays banking environment in branch of Societe Generale Group in Serbia from the point of view of respectable managers in the Bank. Through interview with the managers who work for the company, the researcher achieved goals which has already mentioned in Chapter 1 providing aims and objectives of the current research. Although, observation would be dependent part of this research and would help to discover how risk management department works by its employees, time constraint was the main reason why research couldnt spent more time in Serbia, observing the bank risk activities, because the company of case study is located in Serbia. Therefore, researcher used well organized interviews as the most appropriate way to collect valuable d ata according to the already mentioned limited circumstances. According to Lancaster (2005), interviews are defined as a main category of data collection techniques and appropriate way for collecting data through questioning effectively. This technique is crucial for getting the background of participants experiences. This method is adopted when researcher tends to fully understand the impressions, attitudes, feelings, motivations or experiences of someone to gain more knowledge through their answers on questionnaires. There are several types of interview used in research project to collect data divided in three categories: structured interviews, semi-structured interviews and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews means using specific questionnaires and this research method is usually used for quantitative surveys. The structured interviews involve the interviewer inability to change the structure of question by adding or removing some of its sequence. Conducted in formal way, respondents responses are recorded on a questionnaire standardized form during the interview process. As a result, the analysis of the structured interviews have quantitative nature. Semi-structured interviews is research instrument used to provide greater volume for discussion and knowledge about the problem, opinion and respondets view of particular subject. This approach is flexible in terms of changing some questions during the interviews process giving the researcher freedom to ask slightly similar question in order to cover list of already prepared themes. The questions can vary from one interview to another following the path of discussion with respondent. Thus the collected data can summarize both qualitative and quantitative information and have impact in exploratory study. Unstructured interviews are also called in-depth interviews. The unstructured interviews are conducted in informal manner as preliminary step in research in order to interviewer generates hypothesis about the nature of subject being investigated. Adopting this research instrument interviewer is aware of ability to gather the data necessary for research topic, matters and responses in some depth. Those interviews are guided by predefined list of thesis and they are not controlled by specific questions. The main purpose of choosing in-depth interviews lies in interviewers need to find out what people think and way how they react to issues. The respondent is encouraged to reveal and to talk about everything that he/she thinks on issues of interest to the researcher. The interviewer is taking note (or tape-recording) for all highlights that would greatly contribute to the research Following the phenomenology approach and exploratory research design, the researcher decided to use semi-structured interviews with managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia as a method to collect qualitative data about risk management in Societe Generale Bank and its implication in bank activities as well as the result it is achieved. This method is used by research in order to reader meet expansive response from the interviewees, but at the same time to provide comparation between theory and practice considering risk management in banking sector as issues. Also this method is less formal choice and better way to catch the point of view of the managers by getting inside information in relation to the research topic. In addition, secondary data such as company records about financial report of previous year, press release with relevance to the topic was collected for consideration as well. Policies of the company for the internal and external control of risk were analyzed keeping the management of Societe Generale as the focus of research. 4.6 Interview guide As it was mentioned in the previous paragraph, the research was conducted by interviewing managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia in order to analyze the way they implemented risk management techniques within bank activities in credit department as well as to explore the achievement gained from applying this. Therefore, this section will provide the framework used by researcher to design the interview. According to Fisher (2004), the first step in designing the interview is to identify the main point of question and priorities them. This way of conducting the interview helps researcher to organize the question regarding to its importance to the research topic. It is important to make hierarchy from more important to less important questions which can be dismissed in terms of having insufficient time. Therefore, the researcher presented question summarized them in several topics as follows: Brief background of Bank Risk management concept The main purpose of undertaking an analysis of risk Techniques and methods of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia adopted in risk credit mitigation Effectiveness of credit risk management in Societe Generale Bank in todays economic climate Measurement credit risk Implementation and importance of Basel II accord in banking sector To accomplish the objectives, researcher realized the interviews with the managers on the topic given above. The researcher collected information regarding to risk management in credit department and the effectiveness of undertaking risk management analysis in the Bank. The analysis of the questions was realized from a set of interviews with the managers of the Societe Generale Bank and was conducted through the series of meeting. In each meeting a different subject concerning the credit risk management was verified. In total , five different meetings were completed discussing the risk management issue on the highlighted topic given in previous sequence. Having collected data from primary and secondary sources, the next stage was analysis of the records and the description of findings which will be presented in the following Chapter 5. 4.7 Data analysis The data collected in this research implied using the qualitative data and the researcher adopted three steps to analyze it. In the view of Saunders et. al. 2003, it is crucial to conduct data analysis in effective way in order to get response on the research question and achieve research objectives and aims. First step included analyzing the data , which was recorder by tape or taking a note during the interview process, by prioritizing the most valuable data for the discussed issues. After that, the researcher was able to unitize the data by implementing the quotation from the respondent which supported the key elements of the research topic. Final step the researcher used to analyze data though tables for the each categorized data giving the better understanding and impressionistic view of meaning the answers. Effective data analysis will enable reader to understand the way of using risk management techniques and tools in credit department of Societe Generale Bank in the main representative office in Serbia providing the logical conclusion on the research topic. Therefore, data analysis presented in the following Chapter will approach reader to critical, reflective and meaningful analysis between data and comprehensive research in order to be achieved the aims and objectives of this research. 4.8 Reliability and validity Reliability and validity are very important elements when researcher analyzes the data conducted through qualitative research. Consistency of the result is essential component when conducting the research topic. Marshall and Rossman (1999) quoted that qualitative data collected to accomplish aims and objectives of study are not open for any replication ( Saunders et al. 2003 ). Hence, qualitative researcher based on unstructured forms should reveal reality of the issue being investigated. Realibility and validity as part of data collecting are essential for analysis and creating key findings of study and reader will be able to meet trustworthy results of presented subject In this study, the researcher used the method of qualitative research in order to examine credit risk management and its applicability in todays economic climate. Leading its research to qualitative way, researcher was able to make comparison and contrast between literature and practice and give recommendation and suggestion for the subject examined. Thus , this study based on reliability and validity of qualitative data create a clear path for achieving researchers aims and objectives in very dynamic and complex way

The Left and Right Sides of the Brain :: Health Medicine

The Left and Right Sides of the Brain Your brain has two sides. And each has a distinctly different way of looking at the world. Do you realize that in order for you to read this article, the two sides of your brain must do completely different things? The more we integrate those two sides, the more integrated we become as people. Integration not only increases our ability to solve problems more creatively, but to control physical maladies such as epilepsy and migranes, replace certain damaged brain functions and even learn to "thin" into the future. Even more startling is evidence coming to light that we have become a left-brain culture. Your brain's right and left side have distinctly different ways of looking at the world. Your two hemispheres are as different from each other as, oh, Micheal Wilson and Shirley Maclean. The left brain controls the right side of the body (this is reversed in about half of the 15 percent of the population that is left-handed) and, in essence, is logical analytical, judgemental and verbal. It's interested in the bottom line, in being efficent. The right brain controls the left side of the body and leans more to the creative, the intuitive. It is concerned more with the visual and emotional side of life. Most people, if they thought about it, would identify more with their left brain. In fact, many of us think we are our left brains. All of that non-stop verbalization that goes on in our heads is the dominant left brain talking to itself. Our culture- particularly our school system with its emphasis on the three Rs (decidedly left-brain territory) - effectively represses the intuitive and artistic right brain. If you don't believe it, see how far you get at the office with the right brain activity of daydreaming. As you read, your left-side is sensibly making connections and analysing the meaning of the words, the syntax and other complex relation- ships while putting it into a "language" you can understand. Meanwhile, the right side is providing emotional and even humerous cues, decoding visual information and maintaining an integrated story structure. While all of this is going on, the two sides are constantly communicating with each other across a connecting fibre tract called the

Seven Habits Of Highly Effective People Essay -- Stephen Covey, 7 Habit

THE 7 HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE PEOPLE The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People was written by Stephen R. Covey in 1989. This book has been on the National Best Seller list for over 200 weeks. Many people have attended Covey’s seminars on the subject. Many companies have required top executives to read this book including AT & T, Dow Chemical, Ford, Deloitte and Touche, Marriott, Xerox and Ritz Carlton Hotels. This book proposes that there are seven habits that can be learned to improve one’s personal and interpersonal effectiveness. Covey describes a habit as â€Å"the intersection of knowledge, skill and desire.† Knowledge would represent the â€Å"what to do†, skill the â€Å"how to do†, and desire the â€Å"want to do†. In order to create a habit in our lives, we must have all three. Habits 1, 2, and 3 relate to Private Victory with habit 4, 5, and 6 relating to Public Victories and Habit 7 being involved with Renewal. Habit one is to be proactive. This habit says that as human beings we are responsible for our own lives. Our behavior is a function of our decisions, not our conditions. We create our own destiny. The proactive person acts rather than waiting to be acted upon. According to Covey, part of increasing our self-awareness is understanding our Circle of Concern, that is, our range of concern with which we have mental or emotional involvement. A Circle of Influence resides inside the Circle of Concern reflecting those things over which we have control. Habit two is to begin with the end in mind. If we paint a visual image of what we want our life to be then we actually provide a frame of reference within which all our behaviors can be examined. We must understand where we are going. We should develop a personal mission statement. It will provide the basic direction of our lives. This statement will force us to give thought to our values and what we want to accomplish in life. In the third habit, Covey tells us to put first things first. Independence is crucial in this habit. Our personal integrity helps us to â€Å"walk our talk†. The strength of purpose enables us to do even those things we’d rather not, placing our value's first. This habit requires good time management. If the issue is not high priority, we must say â€Å"no† to reserve time for those items that are high priority. Through this habit effective management leads to effec... ... possible. This habit is making an investment in ourselves. This refers to taking care of our bodies. This includes eating right, getting enough sleep and engaging in regular exercise. Our physical well being will help us to be more proactive. The spiritual dimension of our lives must also be renewed. This is achieved through prayer, music, reading, meditation or nature. This touches the center of our beings. Sharpening the saw of the mental dimension comes through continuing education. Proactive people can figure out many ways to educate themselves. The best way to inform and expand your mind is through reading. Another tool used to sharpen the saw is through writing. Writing affects our ability to think, reason and to be understood effectively. One should spend one hour a day for the rest of your life sharpening the saw. This book is truly a work of art. The information is easily understood and is well communicated. Covey gives so many down to earth examples that it is easy to gain knowledge personally and professionally. I highly recommend this book and will definitely take the study course the next time it is offered at Columbia State. Pam Thomason

Why I Like Beethoven

Why I Like Beethoven! Why I Like Beethoven! I like Beethoven so much because he is a very great pianist and I love his music. He wrote songs for the piano, viola and violin. I really like his songs because they are defined with great beauty and I really like playing them. For example, Fur Elise is a beautiful song with a soft flowing sequence but with a fast strong section as well. I also like him because he is very persistent. Even though he went deaf at only the age of 22 yet he still went on to write more music. It would be such a hard experience to go through and still play and write music even though he couldn’t hear anything. People had to communicate with him by writing letters to him as he could not lip read and no one could do sign language so that was how he could talk to people. It would have been so hard to manage. Another thing I really liked about him was that he didn’t let anyone control his music. In that time musicians would ask people what music they would like them to play and write music to them. Beethoven didn’t do this he just wrote music to his own free will regardless of what anyone else thought. Altogether Beethoven was a brilliant musician. His music is written beautifully, even though he went deaf he remained competent to still write and play music and he was true to his music and didn’t let anyone control what he wrote. He was one of the best musicians that ever lived.

Media lab

Taking over the counter drug for some of the symptom of cold, fever and some ailments that we experience is not the best thing to do; it is actually deprivation of ones defence mechanisms. This is because some of the common sickness like cold serves as defence mechanism to the body. Common cold tends to notify a person of the environment he or she is and sometimes tells you to relocate from the place. If these symptoms are not there it might result into organ damage without notification. Defences like running nose, cough, fever and diarrhoea, are beneficial because they tend to notify us of an underline problems, for instance a person experiencing diarrhoea will know that he or she has taking something that is toxic and will stop and desist from taking such things. Some of these diseases also help in the cleansing process. For instance, when a person coughs, it cleans the bacterial from the respiratory passage and the lungs. The problem we are facing is the ability to distinguish between disease and defence of the body systems. Since the pathogens that cause diseases evolved before us, we are liable to them, so there is a need for our body to fight those pathogens and our body has over time develop these defence mechanism against these pathogens. These defence mechanism are so important to the body to the extent that if they are absent in the body, it can lead so impaired function of the systems or even death. For instance, the early nausea experienced by the pregnant women   most times prevent them from eating bad food that can injure their foetus and also people that   experience no pain always have joint problems or die young. REFERENCE: David Krog (2003)   http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_krogh_biology_3/ Retrieval Date: April 23; 2008 Anthony Trollope (June 1995): Sickness can be Good; http://www.chester.ac.uk/~sjlewis/DM/TEXTS/TEXT2.H Retreival Date:April 23, 2008.

Building Creative Organizations Essay

Nowadays, companies are looking for strategies to face the intensely competitive business arena; they are demanding newly developed behavior and competencies from employees. Nowadays, employees should demonstrate teamwork skills, cross-disciplinary communication and innovation. Underneath these skills is the aptitude to put creativity into application in handling and resolving situations and problems of the organization. In order to effectively respond to external and confusing forces, what are needed by the companies are employees who are capable of producing new ideas. (Gundry, L., Kickul J., & Prather C., 2007) Moreover, in order for a company to cutting edge in technology, the employees will need to craft new techniques in the development and production of information, goods and services. Hence, the behaviors and competencies are important to the competitiveness of the organization and to be effective on the process of creative which is how to go beyond tradition and view things differently. (Gundry, L., Kickul J., & Prather C., 2007)When the top management gives value to thinking â€Å"out of the box,† the processes of the organization surfaces that compensate behaviors proven to be creative and such behaviors result to new techniques and methods as well as innovations in the business. As the organizations works to become effectively reactive, they must take into account that creativity not a destination but a journey. Using an ideal comparison, creativity is like pushing water uphill, wherein one must always keep after it. This entails for the senior managers to be steadfast in supporting creativity by means of actions such as rewarding both managers and employees for great ideas, recognizing learning despite of failure, admitting mistakes, and making and asking taboo. In business, in order to keep up with intense competition, the business must always do the unexpected, they should be very creative. Promised-Base Management Managers have all their needs to execute a well-thought strategy into actions, however when halting of initiatives occurs, all the significant work were left undone. Such kind of business fall may go worst especially on the side of swift competitors. The strategy and its execution fail due to dismally common reasons, and that is the disengagement of the employees because they feel that they are not in the priorities of the company, they become unproductive and dissatisfied. One of the most difficult situations that managers encounter are improper strategy execution, disengaged employees, lack of organizational agility which stemmed out from poorly crafted or broken commitments. Such scenario can be overcome, by practicing â€Å"promised-based management† which is basically the coordinating and cultivating of commitments in the most systematic way possible. (Sull & Espinosa, 2007) Problem-based management promises boost in organizational agility, increase collaboration and coordination and increase engagement of employees. In the interaction of businesses, one of the fundamental units is promises. These units bring up activities of the organization and to fuel up the passion of stakeholders, employees, suppliers and customers. At the same time as they keep the organization intact, they are as delicate as they are critical. The divergent worldviews and objectives of individuals pull persistently at the filament of promises, and unforeseen possibilities can rip uncertain agreements. (Sull & Espinosa, 2007) Hence, leaders must manage and merge organizational promises with utmost care, at the same time encouraging conversation in order to ensure the fulfillment of commitments. (Sull & Espinosa, 2007) Given that they can do so, they will be able to boost cooperation and coordination among employees, create new agility to grab new opportunities for the business and knock on the entrepreneurial energies of the employees. Communications Revisited The communication dilemmas, more of than not, cited by people are not problems in communication at all. They are in place of difficulties and symptoms at more fundamental and basic levels of life in the corporate field. Coming from a vibrant point of view, problems associated to communication in organizations usually reflect in the corporate climate as dysfunctions. The feelings people have about where or whom they work such as feelings of distrust, impotence, resentment, social inconsequence, insecurity, and all the other emotions of human does only gives implication to the climate which exist but the behavior in which communications will be handled. (Hall, 2001) Just what concerns a problem of communication is not simply established upon. The issues were approached by some theorist coming from the vantage information point of information details. Some theorists approach the issue from the vantage point of information bits concession a message; others in terms of organizational positions and roles of peripherality or centrality; while others remain to emphasize the corporate data and directional flaws. The outcome is that more people are communicating with regard to communication, while in order to achieve understanding, clarity, creativity and commitment, the communication goals tends to become limited. (Hall, 2001) The major point of the article has been that interpersonal styles are at the focus of several dilemmas in the organization such as emotional climates the quality of relationships, communication breakdowns, as well as managerial practices have been connected to some moderately plain dynamics among people. Management is not easy even if dynamics are simple. Same as the fact that individuals can and do change their interpersonal style and in so doing sets in proposition a complete chain of events with emphasized corporate significance. Structure is not Organization In the pursuit of diagnosing and solving organizational problems, the aspect to take consideration at is not only to the structure of the organization, factors related to it should be highly regarded; a framework where structure is connected with other factors is needed in the quest for resolving organizational problems. In the midst of multiple competing and complex demands, the decision making by the organization may surface to be irrationally handled. Hence, merely using the structure of the organization as a strategy to resolve problems will most likely turn out to be an ineffective medium for organizations to achieve excellent effects. (Waterman, Thomas & Phillips, 1980) The new view of organization, which involves the â€Å"7’s† variables, makes up the framework that proposes to take issues by heart and give attention to the variables when in managing an organization. The â€Å"7’s† variables are strategy, skills, staff, style, systems, structures and superordinate goal, these variables are believed to be directly observed and more likely be gauged. (Waterman, Thomas & Phillips, 1980) All of these variables are important in carrying out major changes in the organization, they are very much vital in attaining the goals of adopting changes. Using only structure as the basis for resolving tricky problems in the organization, or even using it with strategy is still insufficient and most likely inefficient. Failure is rooted from the lack of ability of structure and strategy to show as to why the organizations may be slow and unresponsive in change adoption. Such scenario will need an excellent style of management, binding goals and having shared purpose. (Waterman, Thomas & Phillips, 1980) In conclusion, if company has the seven variables all geared together to one shared direction, such company can be described as organized. What Great Managers Do? There is an underlying difference between managers and great managers as well as between great leaders and great managers. Great managers are those who value and know the distinct and varied abilities and eccentricities of the people working with them, as great managers, they know the secret of effectively integrating them to one synchronized plan of action. (Buckingham, 2005) On the other hand, great leaders digs and utilizes what is laid universal and the uses those as the capital. Basically, their job is to rally their subordinates into the direction of a promising future. This can be successfully achieved by the leaders if they can meddle into age, sex, nationality, personality, and race and by celebrating heroes and using stories. Meanwhile, as for the job of the manager, they shape and hone each talent of an individual to performance. They can be successful if they can determine and delegate the diversities of the employees, challenging each one of them to stand out in their own ways. This does not claim that leaders cannot become managers or either way, but in order to excel at one or both, awareness of the requirements in each role is very significant. (Buckingham, 2005) A tremendously powerful tool is capitalizing on each person’s uniqueness. This can be done by determining and capitalizing on the uniqueness of the person. Doing so will save time and furthermore making each person accountable. It creates a sense of team as it forms interdependency. (Buckingham, 2005) In order to excel in managing other people, it is necessary to have insights in actions and interactions. It should always be kept in mind that release is what about great managing, and not transformation. It is all about continuously fine-tuning the environment in order for the unique contributions, needs and style of each employee to be given the chance to shine. As a manager, the success will entirely depend on the ability of doing these. How Do You Motivate Employees? Having motivated employees is a great factor for an organization to succeed. Motivation drives them to perform and excel and give their 100. However, there will be times that they will be unmotivated and it is the role of the management to keep them ardent as they take part in the pursuit of an organization for success. According to Frederick Herzberg, there are various factors which instill motivation to the employees. Such factors may work as expected or may fail due to employee resistance.(Herzberg, 1968) First are the KITA (â€Å"kick-in-the-ass†) factors, which is also associated with hygiene factors, such are extrinsic to the job. It includes administration, policy of the company, working conditions, security, supervision, salary, and interpersonal relationships. On the other hand, the factors of motivation are job intrinsic, which includes the work itself, recognition for achievement, growth or advancement and responsibility. These factors are all interconnected with job dissatisfaction and job satisfaction. According to studies, the primary source of satisfaction is the motivators while what cause unhappiness in the job are the hygiene factors. (Herzberg, 1968) The factors of motivation are associated to job enrichment, which is characterized as a continuous function of the management. This should be lasting in long period of time and long term effects are also expected. However, all jobs are not necessary to have enriched, nor they can be enriched. The returns of efforts in job enrichment are economic gain and human satisfaction leading to large dividends that society and industry can yield through better personnel management. An argument summed up quickly goes: â€Å"If you have someone on a job, use him, ff you can’t use him, either via automation or by selecting someone with lesser ability. If you can’t use him and you can’t get rid of them you will have a motivation problem.†(Herzberg, 1968) The Science of Persuasion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In organizations, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the techniques of persuasion in order to recognize strategies and be able to evaluate offerings and requests. The task of the organization is to maintain persuasion among accountable professionals for the application of the six powerful motivators of persuasion (reciprocation, consistency, social validation, liking, authority, and scarcity) and be able to purchase services and products, support proposals in politics or to give donation given that they were truthful all throughout the process. The Six fundamental tendencies of human behavior sets in producing a positive response as these six tendencies guides to manage the dealings of the business, the involvements in society, knowledge of the rules of persuasion and personal relationships, can truly be considered of as empowerment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accordingly, the agents who influence the use of these principles is actually doing a favor for business people. For instance, an ad campaign is focused on scientific evidence favoring the client’s headache product, genuine weight of the authoritative; all people will yield profit including the audience, agency and manufacturer.   (Cialdini, R. 2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Given that we recognized a vital distinction in our communication with persuasive arts practitioners, hence we will seldom permit ourselves to fall into trap. In its place, organization  Ã‚   can give themselves better and ideal option and being informed when saying yes. (Cialdini, R. 2001) Furthermore, if we apply our distinction to our pursuit to be of influence to others, then we can logically have it accounted to the six principles. In the efforts to persuade, pointing to genuine expertise and its presence, pertinent commitments, real opportunities for cooperation and growing validation, thus coming out persuasive enough to enhance communication and evoke understanding among diverse parties. Three Cultures of Management The learning problems within an organization can be directly interrelated to the lack of alignment amongst three cultures, two of which are based occupational communities first is, the culture of engineering, followed by the culture of CEOs, and the third is the culture of operators, the three cultures should be shared assumptions that arise in the â€Å"line units† of a particular organization as it tries to operate safely and efficiently. There are three occupational cultures which organization will have to learn effectively and confront the implications. However, executives, operators and engineers found that they have been using different languages and thus arriving at different assumptions concerning what is very significant, but grasping the essence of the three cultures in management, they learn to treat them as normal and valid. Organizations will not learn effectively until they recognize and confront the implications of the three occupational cultures. Until executives, engineers, and operators discover that they use different languages and make different assumptions about what is important, and until they learn to treat the other cultures as valid and normal, organizational learning efforts will continue to fail. (Schein, 1996) The key to organizational learning either in helping engineers and executives learns how to learn, how to analyze and evaluate their own cultures, and how to develop those cultures using their strengths. These communities may learn in different ways, and we will have to develop correct tools for learning for each community. Learning should be well thought-out along the lines of industry through association of learners instead of along individual organizational lines. And business and engineering education itself will have to evaluate as to whether the suppositions of academics are developing at a satisfactory rate in order to with realities in the present. (Schein, 1996) Organizations have long way from having to resolve problems of learning, but concerning the cultures of management and occupational communities will start to compose these problems to find the solutions. References    Buckingham, M. (2005). What Great Managers Do?. Harvard Business Review. Cialdini, R. (2001). The Science of Persuasion. Scientific American.Vol. 284 Issue 2. Gundry, L., Kickul, J. & Prather C.(2007). Building the Creative Organization. Elseveir Science Publishing Company Inc. Hall, J. (2001). Communication Revisited. California Management Review. Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time: How do you motivate employees?. Harvard Business Review. Schein, E. (1996). Three Cultures of Management. Sloan Management Review Fall. Sull, D., Spinosa, C.(2007).Problem-Based Management.Harvard Business Review. Waterman, R., Thomas, P., Phillips, R. (1980). Structure is not Organization. Business Horizons

The Environement and It’s Problems

Essay The Environment and its problems The environment is the place that surrounds us. It is a gift of nature and it is the natural world of water, land, air and change. The environment is what we call home. Did you know that every day the environment is somehow getting damaged or destroyed? There are many examples of environmental problems that affect our environment. E. g. global warming There are also several ways humans effect our environment. For example the removal of fish from the oceans and timber from tropical forests.There are so many new things to learn about the environment and so many ways to take action for our eco-system by protecting it, why wait? Impressed? Read on to learn about the environment and what you can do to protect it. Let’s get started! There are several environmental problems that we need to take action for. They all affect the world and harm the eco-system. Some of the environmental problems in the world are acid rain, air pollution, energy, glob al warming, hazardous waste, pollution, and smog. Some of these problems are man-made and some of these problems are natural disasters.Environmental pollution is the biggest problem on Earth today. It is true our trees are getting cut down rapidly and the earth is getting warmer but if pollution continues our earth will fell like a boiling desert or covered with seawater. There are three types of pollution which are air pollution, sound pollution and water pollution. Air pollution is when smog is in the air and it’s hard for us to breathe. Sound pollution is when there’s such a big noise by a vehicle that sometimes people lose their hearing. That is why we should walk or ride a bike anywhere close to where you are and a mile distance.Water pollution is when the water gets polluted with waste and chemicals There are also many politicians who have done something to help the environment. For example, Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th president of the Uni ted States of America and was a politician and conservationist. He is known for setting aside land for national forests, establishing wildlife refuges, developing the farmlands of the American West, and advocating protection of natural resources. Theodore Roosevelt is a strong role model for environmentalists of the future.He used his political skills to influence people and to help the cause of conservation, consistently focusing on the state the environment and on its effect on future generations. Creating a future in which the environment is clean is a challenging task. Managing the environment involves support from governments, organizations and your community. It may appear that environmental problems are too hard to take care of but the decisions we make, the actions we take and the words we speak influence the decisions that we make about the environment.There are many ways in which you can adapt your daily life to think more about the future of the environments and wildlife. Saving energy, conserving resources, and recycling are just a few ways you could make a difference. The most important thing to think about is the choices you make related to the environment. One of the things your school can do is become an eco-school! Ontario EcoSchools is an environmental educational program for grades K-12 that helps school communities help kids become environmentally responsible citizens and reduce the ecological footprint of schools.Ontario EcoSchools' resources offer an environmental perspective to the choices we make in operating our schools and in planning classroom programs based on the Ontario curriculum. It consists of four components: ecological literacy| waste minimization| energy conservation| school ground greening| The leaf within each figure symbolizes thinking and acting with the environment in mind. It also visually connects the four areas, a reminder that the environment is very important. Here are some ways you can take care of the environment . 1. Reduce your driving (walk, bike, ride, take public transport, or carpool).Choose a more fuel efficient car. 2. Don't leave your TV, computers, and DVD/VCD players on standby; it uses more electricity than the little red LED light! 3. Choose more energy-efficient appliances, especially major ones like refrigerators, air conditioners and water heaters. 4. Recycle everything you can; newspapers, cans, glass bottles and jars, motor oil, scrap metal, etc. 5. Don't use electrical appliances for things you can easily do by hand, such as opening cans. 6. Plug off your cell phone charger when charging is completed. 7. Re-use bread bags and the bags you bring your produce home in. . Store food in re-usable containers, instead of plastic wrap or aluminum foil. 9. Take unwanted, re-usable items to a charitable organization or thrift shop. 10. Don't leave water running needlessly. Save some of your washing machine water. Gargle your mouth with a cup of water instead. 11. Set your air condit ioner temperature to 24-26C instead of below 23C. 12. Turn off the lights, TV, or other electrical appliances when you are out. 13. Fill a 1. 5/2L drink plastic bottle and leave it inside the Water Closet; this will save you that same amount every time you flush the toilet. 4. Do not use the water heater on a hot afternoon! Use cold water in the washer whenever possible. 15. Print or copy on both sides of the paper. (Plus use the other side of this paper. ) The environment, the Earth, is our home. It is where we live, breathe, and eat. It is very important so I think we should take really good care of it and protect it! Remember, we can all take action for this by even doing little things that will help. E. g. recycling! I enjoyed writing this essay. I learned many new things that I didn’t know before and I hope you have too!Also, remember to keep the Earth clean as much as possible. â€Å"Do what you can, with what you have, where you are. † Theodore Roosevelt Bibliog raphy:1. Ontario EcoSchools. (2002). Retrieved from www. ontarioecoschools. org2. Theodore Roosevelt. (1999). Retrieved from www. library. thinkquest. org/26026/People/theodore_roosevelt. html3. Environmental problems. (1999). Retrieved from www. library. thinkquest. org/26026/Environmental_Problems/environmental_problems. html4. Bowden, Rob. Environments. Miami: KidHaven Press, 2004. Print. | |

Pride and Prejudice: Book Review Essay

Pride and Prejudice, a classic novel by Jane Austen, tells the story of a complicated love that develops between what was thought to be two very different personalities. The protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, misjudges a man upon rumor and appearance, but finds out she is extraordinarily wrong. The novel explains how difficult it is to fully understand someone after settling upon assumptions and being under the influence of the authorities around them. However this is the trial one must pass in order to find true love or friendship. Social class was a major influence throughout the 1800s, when this story takes place. Unfortunately, the Bennet family was fairly poor compared to Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy’s. This is where some of the conflict originates from. The Bennet girls fall in love with upper class men despite their social order which prevents them from being a desirable pair. On the other hand, the poor end of the relationship would benefit from a marriage to a rich family. Characters such as Elizabeth and Jane are torn apart as they struggle against the pressure from their mother and other aristocrats that frown upon their relationships with Darcy and Bingley. The novel primarily focuses on the personalities and actions of female characters as they strive to gain happiness. However, the women in this novel can be divided into two groups. The first includes characters such as Mrs. Bennet, Miss Bingley, Lydia, and Lady Catherine. These women have the tendency to manipulate the world around them in their favor. They display all the faults in women; greed, over confidence, and stupidity to name a few. The other half of women consists of Jane and Elizabeth Bennet, and Georgiana Darcy. These characters can be thought of as the good-hearted women. Although they have some realistic faults, their overall personality reflects the honest side of women. Jane and Elizabeth, regardless if they come from the same family as Lydia and Mrs. Bennet, appear to be more intelligent judging from actions they take and the way they respond to things. The two  Bennet girls are not as heavily concerned with money as the other women. Also, Georgiana is a shy girl that does not have the arrogant personality that is often obtained by women of high rank and or wealth. Austen is able to create a miniature representation of women in English society just by a few characters in this story. She criticizes ignorant women with similar mindsets as the first group of women (including Lydia, etc.) that she encountered from her experience. Readers are able to conclude from this novel that most women in the 1800s desired only marriage that would lead to wealth, gaining social rank, and saw it as their sole responsibility to become wives. The author restores some dignity in women by adding characters such as Elizabeth who have the sensibility and modesty that allows them to reflect upon their mistakes, while others never admit to theirs. Austen suggests ideal women should be like Elizabeth and not what the characters of the book consider accomplished. In addition, male characters in Pride and Prejudice also have a variety of personalities. Characters such as Mr. Darcy have their faults towards the beginning but are able to fix them as the story progresses. For instance, Mr. Darcy’s pride and shyness contradicts itself, however both play an active role in giving Elizabeth the wrong impression. His secret love comes to believe the man as arrogant and unpleasant. In fictional reality, Mr. Darcy is actually a very gracious man, but is unable to express his thoughts in a polite manner especially to people he has never been acquainted with. Elizabeth also goes through the same process as she gains more information about Darcy from others, himself, and through personal experience. The prejudice that develops on Elizabeth’s side creates the drama that drives this story to be exciting. In reality, the traits these characters have are quite common. By nature, human beings have the urge to create assumptions towards other people. They may be wrong, but it is only natural to have them. It is the goodness of the person that prevents them from presenting these assumptions without evidence. Some characters fail to do this, and whenever they approach an idea in their favor, they must share it. Whether we realize it or not, we  have many faults. The morals of the story encourage the initiative that should be taken to fix the mistakes we make. This novel teaches us not to misjudge a person without completely understanding them, which formulates the title, Pride and Prejudice. The story not only gives a happy ending, but a resolution to overcoming influences that have nothing to do with the actual relationship between people. An appropriate judgment can only be made by individuals themselves. I would recommend this story to people who have been troubled with similar situations when it comes to judging or leaving a positive impression on others. The morals in Pride and Prejudice are put into relatable context to the real world. I am sure it will affect the reader’s viewpoint in one way or another, as it did for me. Not only is this story for those troubled in relationships, but the fact that it is a beautiful love story should not be disregarded. I would definitely be interested in reading similar books like this or other novels by Jane Austen because I fell in love with the characters and the author’s writing. The style of writing that colored each picture and thought that went into every sentence was very well done. I praise the author’s ability to word this love story so perfectly.

Using McEwan, A., & Tsey, K. (2009) as a starting point, explain the Essay

Using McEwan, A., & Tsey, K. (2009) as a starting point, explain the importance of spirituality in a social and emotional wellbeing framework as described in current literature - Essay Example They suffer the consequences of European settlements and have high death rates and lower life expectancy compared to other Australians. In spite of these setbacks, their spirituality is deeply rooted in their culture and the land enabling them to have high social and emotional wellbeing (UN Chronicle, 2010). Spirituality among the aboriginals is believed to play important roles in their well being. First, is healing which is part of family and personal health (Gorsuch, 2002). For instance, when an individual is sick, he/she can communicate with the ancestors who have passed on to receive strength. They can also receive mental, emotional and physical healing from their religion. Mental health includes issues such as trauma, parental neglect, depression, suicide and self harm which affect individuals and families throughout their Lifecycle. Therefore, recognizing spirituality is critical to Aboriginal wellbeing and an important factor in developing and implementing health promotion and preventive projects (McLennan et al, 2004). Protection is also a point of consideration in their spirituality. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people depend on spirituality for protection. They believe that it protects people from problems by giving them skills and solutions. Also, it unites people, protect the children by being responsible and offers guidance (McEwan et al, 2008). Spirituality also plays a major role in promoting unity. It brings about family and community unity and wellbeing. Children and adults can consult the elders who are living and those who have passed on concerning issues of peace, conflicts, and problems. A perfect example is the high number of youth committing suicide in the community in order to pass a message to the ancestors and spirits. This brings about a cohesive community and enables each person to take responsibility in family and community life (Commonwealth of Australia, 2000). It also helps in solving